Meals
Terracotta model addressing a lion's paw tripod table, 2nd1st centuries BCE, from Myrina, Louvre
At home
The Greeks had four meal a new day. Breakfast ( akratismos) contains barley bread dipped with home wine ( akratos), sometimes complemented through figs or olives. A rapid lunch time ( ariston) had been used around noon as well as earlier afternoon. Dinner ( deipnon), the most important food in the day, has been generally used at nightfall. An extra easy dinner ( hesperisma) has been at times used this later afternoon. / aristodeipnon, practically "lunch-dinner", had been served from the later evening instead of dinner.
Men and females procured their foodstuff separately. When your house has been very small, your men ate first, the actual women afterwards. Slaves waited during dinners. Aristotle notes which "the poor, owning not any slaves, must make use of their spouses and young children seeing that servants".
The historic Greek custom to position terra cotta miniatures associated with his or her home furniture throughout children's graves shows people a good option of its model as well as design. The Greeks ordinarily consumed while sitting on chairs; benches have been used pertaining to banquets. The tables, higher to get usual foods and also low for banquets, were being in the beginning rectangle-shaped with shape. But by the 4th one hundred year BCE, the same old desk had been round, generally together with animal-shaped legs (for example lion's paws). Loaves connected with washboard bread might be utilised as plates, although terra cotta bowls have been more common. Dishes grew to become much more highly processed through time, and by way of your Roman interval number plates had been from time to time made outside of precious precious metals or glass. Cutlery had not been typically used at table: Use in the fork ended up being unknown; people ate using fingers. Knives ha d been familiar with structure the actual meat. Spoons were used for soups and also broths. Pieces involving bread ( apomagdalia) may be utilized to spoon the actual meal and also as napkins, to help remove that fingers.
Social dining
Banqueter trying to play the actual kottabos, some sort of frolicsome subversion from the libation, ca. 510 BCE, Louvre
As having modern supper parties, the intended for may possibly simply receive friends or family; but a couple of some other styles of sociable eating were central around ancient Greece: the entertainment with that all-male symposium, as well as the obligatory, regimental syssitia.
Symposium
Main article: Symposium
The symposium ( symposion), traditionally translated seeing that "banquet", although extra honestly "gathering of drinkers", seemed to be on the list of favorite hobbies for the Greeks. It consisted of a pair of parts: the initial dedicated to food, commonly rather simple, as well as an additional portion focusedon drinking. However, wine beverages ended up being consumed with the food, as well as the beverages were being coupled with something to eat ( tragmata) for example chestnuts, beans, toasted wheat, or even honies cakes; almost all meant to digest alcohol as well as extend the having spree.
The subsequent element has been inaugurated having a libation, individual bankruptcy within dignity associated with Dionysus, then conversing or perhaps dining room table games, for example kottabos. The friends might recline on sofas ( klinai); lower tables placed the meals or activity boards. Dancers, acrobats, along with band members would likely enliven the rich banqueters. A "king on the banquet" was drawn simply by lots; he experienced this task of aiming your slaves concerning just how powerful to mixture the particular wine.
With your different regarding dancers plus courtesans, your banquet ended up being stringently reserved for men. It has been a critical component of Greek interpersonal life. Great feasts could possibly exclusively possibly be afforded from the rich; in many Greek homes, faith based feasts or perhaps family events were this celebration of extra humble banquets. The banquet started to be the setting up of an unique style connected with literature, having a baby to help Plato's Symposium, Xenophon's function in the very same name, that Table Talk connected with Plutarch's Moralia, as well as the Deipnosophists (Banquet of the Learned) associated with Athenaeus.
Syssitia
Main article: Syssitia
The syssitia ( ta syssitia) were mandatory meals embraced by means of social or non secular communities intended for gentlemen along with youths, especially within Crete and Sparta. They were referred for you to variously seeing that hetairia, pheiditia, or perhaps andreia (literally, "belonging in order to men"). They together made as being a sort of aristocratic membership in addition to a new military services mess. Like that symposium, the syssitia ended up being your exclusive website connected with adult men while several references have been observed for you to all-female syssitia. Unlike this symposium, all these dinners were hallmarked through simpleness as well as temperance.
Foods
Bread
Woman kneading bread, c. 500475 BCE, National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Cereals shaped the staple diet. The two primary grains were wheat ( sitos) in addition to barley. Wheat grains were being softened by means of soaking, next also decreased towards gruel, or ground directly into flour ( aleiata) in addition to kneaded plus put together straight into loaves ( artos) or maybe flatbreads, possibly simple or even merged by using cheese or honey. Leavening seemed to be known; your Greeks soon after utilised an alkali ( nitron) or home wine get rid of when leavening agent. Dough loaves have been baked in your own home from a clay-based stove ( ipnos) set with legs. A simpler method consisted with settling lighted coals about the floor along with within the number which includes a dome-shaped insure ( pnigeus); any time it turned out popular enough, the actual coals were being swept aside, dough loaves were being subjected to that warm floor, the particular insure was put back set up and also the coals end ed up compiled around the side on the cover. The stone range would not seem right until your Roman period. Solon, an Athenian lawmaker belonging to the 6th centuries BCE, taken that leavened bread possibly be set-aside for food days. By the finish on the 5th century BC, leavened bread had been purchased with the market, however it had been expensive.
Barley ended up being simpler to offer but more difficult to produce bread from. It provided a nourishing although pretty large bread. Because associated with the following it absolutely was typically roasted in advance of milling, to become a rough flour ( alphita) that has been employed to make maza, the actual primary Greek dish. In Peace, Aristophanes employs that expression , literally "to feed on simply barley", with a meaning similar to the actual English "diet connected with bakery and also water". Many recipes for maza are usually known; it would be put on your plate cooked or raw, for a broth, or even manufactured into dumplings or perhaps flatbreads. Like whole wheat breads, it may also often be augmented together with cheese or perhaps honey.
Fruit plus vegetables
The cereals had been typically functioned accompanied by just what was generically referenced to help because opson, "relish". The concept primarily intended anything equipped on the particular fire, and, by means of extension, something which in turn followed bread. In the particular normal interval this came to reference species of fish as well as vegetables: cabbage, onions, lentils, nice peas, chickpeas, broad beans, garden peas, your lawn peas, etc. They were swallowed as a new soup, boiled or perhaps mashed ( etnos), expert having olive oil, vinegar, natural herbs or gron, a species of fish sauce equivalent in order to Vietnamese n m. According to help Aristophanes, mashed chili were a most liked meal regarding Heracles, constantly manifested as a glutton throughout comedies. Poor households ingested oak acorns ( balanoi).. Raw or preserved olives were a typical appetizer.
In the particular cities, fresh produce were expensive: the lesser urban center dwellers had to make do along with dried up vegetables. Lentil soup ( phak) has been the workman's typical dish. Cheese, garlic and also onions have been the actual soldier's traditional fare. In Peace, the smell of onions typically represents soldiers; that chorus, celebrating the finish of war, sings Oh! joy, joy! absolutely no more helmet, abolish cheese nor onions! Bitter vetch ended up being viewed as a famine food.
Fruits, fresh new or dried, in addition to nuts, had been eaten while dessert. Important fruits were figs, raisins along with pomegranates. Dried figs had been also tried being an appetizer as well as when having wine. In that second item case, they were often combined with grilled chestnuts, chick peas, along with beechnuts.
Fish in addition to Meat
Sacrifice; principal way to obtain various meats intended for city dwellers here a boar; tondo of the Attic kylix by the Epidromos Painter, c.510500 BCE, Louvre
The utilization with sea food plus animal meat varied prior to that riches along with location belonging to the household; while in the country, auto (primarily trapping) allowed for intake connected with parrots and also hares. Peasants additionally acquired farmyards to produce these folks having hen chickens and geese. Slightly wealthier landowners could possibly raise goats, pigs, or even sheep. In the particular city, various meats has been costly except for pork. In Aristophanes' evening a piglet expense three drachmas, that's about three days wages for the open servant. Sausages were popular both for your poor plus the rich.
In the actual 8th centuries BCE Hesiod details the right nation banquet in Works and Days:
But during those times let me have a new badly lit rock and roll in addition to Bibline wine, a clot regarding curds along with dairy connected with drained goats while using drag on the heifer fed within the woods, that has for no reason calved, and also associated with firstling kids; then furthermore let me take brilliant wine
Meat is actually a reduced amount of visible with texts from the 5th millennium BCE onwards than in the very first poetry, but this will likely become a matter of genre rather then real studies connected with improvements throughout farming plus nutrition customs. The ingesting regarding unique animal meat ended up being accompanied by a spiritual routine where the gods' promote (fat as well as bones) was burnt off as the people discuss (meat) was grilled as well as handed out towards participants; there seemed to be then again a vibrant deal throughout prepared along with salted meats, which in turn ordered to provide very little ritual.
Spartans chiefly ate pork stew, the "black broth" ( melas zmos). According that will Plutarch, it was before "so much appreciated in which middle aged people adult men fed solely customers that, departing precisely what drag there seemed to be towards the younger". It seemed to be popular between the Greeks. "Naturally Spartans is also the bravest men within the world", joked a Sybarite, "anyone throughout his or her sensory faculties would prefer to perish twenty thousands of times than require his / her write about with a really hello there diet". It was made with pork, salt, vinegar as well as blood. The meal appeared to be dished up along with maza, figs and cheese oftentimes supplemented with activity in addition to fish. The 2nd3rd hundred years source Aelian, claims of which Spartan chefs were prohibited from cooking anything at all rather than meat.
In this Greek islands and also on the coast, fresh perch as well as seafood (squid, octopus, as well as shellfish) were being common. They were being eaten in the area but often transported inland. Sardines plus anchovies were usual fare for the citizens associated with Athens. They were at times sold fresh, but extra frequently salted. A stele from the late 1 / 3 millennium BCE from your compact Boeotian location connected with Akraiphia, on Lake Copais, provides us that has a set of species of fish prices. The most cost effective was skaren (probably parrotfish) whereas north bluefin tuna has been about three moments because expensive. Common sodium mineral water perch were yellowfin tuna, red mullet, ray, swordfish or perhaps sturgeon, a delicacy that has been consumed salted. Lake Copais themselves was popular overall Greece because of its eels, celebrated by simply this main character of The Acharnians. Other fresh waters bass were pike-fish, carp and also the fewe r prized catfish.
Eggs along with dairy products products
Greeks selectively bred quails and also hens, partly thus to their eggs. Some creators of these studies additionally honor pheasant eggs and also Egyptian Goose eggs, which were presumably rather rare. Eggs were cooked properly soft- or hard-boiled seeing that hors d'uvre or maybe dessert. Whites, yolks and also completely offspring had been furthermore applied seeing that ingredients inside the prep with dishes. Country dwellers drank exploit ( gala), but it turned out seldom utilized in cooking. Butter ( bouturon) has been regarded but don't often employed either: Greeks discovered it being a culinary trait from the Thracians on the northern Aegean coast, which the Middle Comic poet Anaxandrides dubbed "butter eaters". Yet Greeks relished additional dairy products. Pyriat, was a type of thick milk, commonly incorrectly recognized as yogurt. Most of all, goat's and ewe's cheese () tyros) was your staple food. Fresh plus tough cheese were bought from numerous shops; the first sort cost in relation to not one but two thirds on the latter's price. Cheese was eaten only or maybe using sweetie or maybe vegetables. It has been furthermore employed as an component from the getting ready of a lot dishes, as well as perch dishes. The merely extant recipe by means of this Sicilian prepare food Mithaecus runs: "Tainia: gut, toss the particular head, rinse along with fillet; bring cheese as well as olive oil". However, that inclusion of cheese seems to have been a marked by controversy matter; Archestratus warns his book lovers that Syracusan wanna-be cooks ruin beneficial fish by way of adding cheese.
Drink
Attican Rhyton, c.460450 BCE, National Archaeological Museum involving Athens
The most wide-spread consume had been water. Fetching water had been an every day undertaking for women. Though wells ended up common, planting season mineral water was preferred: it was recognized as nourishing so it induced plant life and timber to be able to grow, plus to be a desirable beverage. Pindar named springtime water "as gratifying since honey". The Greeks could express water as robust, weighty as well as light, dry, acidic, pungent, wine-like, etc. One of the comic poet Antiphanes's people believed which he or she could possibly understand Attic water by means of style alone. Athenaeus states that the amount of philosophers possessed a reputation for ingesting almost nothing nonetheless water, some sort of behavior combined using a vegetarian diet program (cf.below). Milk, usually goats' milk, seemed to be additionally consumed.
The common alocohol consumption route was your skyphos, built beyond wood, terra cotta, and also metal. Critias likewise mentions the kothon, your Spartan goblet which often had the navy a look at covering this colouring with the water out of view as well as trapping off-road in its edge. They also made use of a drinking vessel named a kylix (a superficial footed bowl), along with for banquets this kantharos (a heavy glass together with handles) as well as the rhyton, your having horn typically moulded in to the model of a new individual or maybe animal head.
Wine
See also: Ancient Greece along with wine
Banqueter reaches into your krater using an oenochoe to be able to replenish his / her kylix with wine, c.490480 BCE, Louvre
The Greeks are thought to own designed crimson as well when ros and whitened wines. As for the found time, numerous traits of generation were being being found, from prevalent desk homemade wine in order to vintage qualities. The best wines, generally opinion, originated from Thsos, Lesbos and Chios. Cretan home wine followed to help prominence later. A this wine manufactured from water in addition to pomace (the deposit from squeezed grapes), mixed with lees, has been produced by united states people to get their unique use. The Greeks occasionally sweetened his or her wine using honey and designed medicinal wines with the addition of thyme, pennyroyal along with herbs. By the first century, otherwise before, they were accustomed to homemade wine flavoured with pine resin (modern retsina). Aelian also mentions a wine beverages compounded with perfume. Cooked wines was known, along with a new sweet wine beverages coming from Thsos, very much alike opening wine.
Wine was in general reduce together with water. The drinking of akraton as well as "unmixed wine", although known being practised simply by northern barbarians, has been notion just about guaranteed to bring about madness and death. Wine was merged in the krater, that this slaves will fill that drinker's kylix with a strong oinochoe (jugs). Wine was additionally utilized to be a universal medication, appearing obtained to possess therapeutic virtue. Aelian mentions this your wines from Heraia in Arcadia caused to become men foolish although women fertile; conversely, Achaean wine ended up being notion to encourage abortion. Outside these beneficial uses, Greek community could not approve involving women drinking wine; in line with Aelian, some sort of Massalian rules prohibited this specific along with restrained women in order to ingesting water. Sparta ended up being the only town where by adult females routinely drank wine.
Wine reserved to get regional utilize has been retained throughout skins. That destined for sale appeared to be poured directly into pithoi, (large terra cotta jugs). From right here we were looking at decanted straight into amphoras made having message pertaining to retail sale. Vintage wine beverages toted rubber stamps through the producers and/or city magistrates who sure their origin. This is usually one of the first instances with indicating that geographical or even qualitative provenance of the product, and is the groundwork from the modern-day appellations d'origine contrles certification.
Kykeon
Hecamede setting up kykeon for Nestor, kylix through the particular Brygos Painter, ca. 490 BC, Louvre
The Greeks additionally drank kykeon (, through kyka, "to shake, to help mix"), which was both your beverage as well as a meal. It appeared to be a barley gruel, to which will normal water plus herbal products ended up added. In the Iliad, the particular drink furthermore contained grated goat cheese. In that Odyssey, Circe gives baby and some sort of magic potion to be able to it. In this Homeric Hymn to be able to Demeter, the goddess refuses burghundy but accepts a kykeon made of water, flour, and pennyroyal. Used seeing that a routine beverage throughout your Eleusinian Mysteries, it had been also a popular beverage, specially within the countryside: Theophrastus, within his Characters, identifies a new boorish peasant since obtaining drunk very much kykeon and inconveniencing the Assembly with his harmful breath. It furthermore had a name as being a very good digestive, in addition to such, throughout Peace, Hermes advises them to the primary figure who may have ea ten an excessive amount of dried out fruit.
Food preparation
Food played out a crucial element throughout the particular Greek manner connected with thought. Classicist John Wilkins paperwork that "in the particular Odyssey to get example, good gentlemen usually are famous through negative and Greeks through their own partly with regard to how along with exactly what they ate. Herodotus identified men and women to a certain extent with regards to meal and eating".
Up for the 3rd hundred years BCE, the frugality imposed by way of your actual in addition to climatic ailments regarding america occured when virtuous. The Greeks would not overlook the actual pleasures involving eating, but appreciated simplicity. The outlying writer Hesiod, as cited above, spoke of his or her "flesh of the heifer given from the woods, who has under no circumstances calved, and with firstling kids" because the perfect closing to somewhat of a day. Nonetheless, Chrysippus is quotation as nevertheless the top food has been a free one.
Culinary and also gastronomical homework has been rejected being a hint of oriental flabbiness: your Persian Empire seemed to be considered decadent because of their high quality taste, which usually manifested alone in their cuisine. The Greek writers took pleasures around describing the dining room table from the Achaemenid Great King in addition to his court: Herodotus, Clearchus regarding Soli, Strabo and Ctesias were unanimous within their descriptions.
Fresh fish, on the list of much-loved dishes in the Greeks, platter along with red figures, c.350325 BCE, Louvre
In contrast, Greeks as a whole confused the particular austerity with their individual diet. Plutarch tells how this cal . king of Pontus, willing to use the Spartan "black gruel", bought a Laconian cook; "but experienced zero sooner tasted the idea than this individual identified the item really bad, that your make observing, informed him, "Sir, to make this broth relish, it is best to have bathed by yourself primary while in the river Evrotas".". According in order to Polyaenus, upon exploring your food hallway of this Persian royal palace, Alexander the actual Great mocked their preferences as well as held responsible it thus to their defeat. Pausanias, on finding the dining behavior with the Persian commander Mardonius, equally ridiculed this Persians, "who obtaining therefore much, came to rob the actual Greeks health of their miserable living".
In end result on this cult of frugality, as well as the receeded context to get cuisine them inspired, the particular house longer always been that domain of women, zero cost as well as enslaved. In the established period, however, culinary authorities began to input your composed record. Both Aelian along with Athenaeus discuss the actual 1000 wanna-be cooks whom came with Smindyride of Sybaris about his / her voyage in order to Athens once regarding Cleisthenes, only if disapprovingly. Plato inside Gorgias, mentions "Thearion that cook, Mithaecus that source of an treatise on Sicilian cooking, and Sarambos the wine merchant; a few eminent connoisseurs of cake, kitchen area and wine." Some many chefs additionally published treatises upon cuisine.
Over time, progressively more Greeks introduced by themselves as gourmets. From your Hellenistic towards Roman period, the Greeks a minimum of the loaded no longer shown up for being anylonger austere as compared to others. The discerning visitors of the banquet hosted by Athenaeus from the minute and also 1 / 3 century devoted a considerable component of their conversation for you to home wine along with gastronomy. They reviewed the actual value regarding numerous wines, vegetables, in addition to meats, referfing to distinguished containers (stuffed cuttlefish, red tuna belly, prawns, lettuce watered along with mead) plus great cooks these kinds of since Soterides, cocinero for you to double Nicomedes I involving Bithynia (who reigned with the 279 to help 250 BCE). When their learn has been inland, they pined intended for anchovies; Soterides simulated them out of properly wooden turnips, oiled, salted and also sprinkled with poppy seeds. Suidas (an encyclopaedia fro m your Byzantine period) mistakenly qualities this particular make use of into the famed Roman fabulous Apicius (1st centuries BCE) 89] which can be considered while data that the Greeks acquired attained the identical amount as the Romans.
Specific diets
Vegetarianism
Triptolemus obtained wheat sheaves from Demeter along with delights coming from Persephone, 5th one hundred year BCE relief, National Archaeological Museum connected with Athens
Orphicism along with Pythagoreanism, two common historic Greek religions, encouraged a different way of life, depending on some sort of concept of chastity and as a result refinement ( katharsis) a type of asceticism within an original sense: asksis initially signifies your ritual, then a certain tool for life. Vegetarianism was a central component Orphicism along with with several variants of Pythagoreanism.
Empedocles (5th one hundred year BCE) validated vegetarianism by a thinking inside your transmigration associated with souls: whom could make sure that will an animal planning to be slaughtered would not home this spirit of your individual being? However, it is usually detected that will Empedocles furthermore bundled plants on this transmigration, thus the actual exact same common sense requires put on for you to eating them. Vegetarianism had been in addition as a consequence of a hate for killing: "For Orpheus tutored us rites as well as to be able to refrain from killing".
The information out of Pythagoras (6th millennium BCE) will be harder to help define. The Comedic creators for example Aristophon and also Alexis defined Pythagoreans seeing that stringently vegetarian, having some of them dwelling with bread and waters alone. Other lifestyle comfortable by themselves by using barring this utilization with selected vegetables, for example the extended bean, or even involving sacred family pets for example the whitened cock or decided on animal parts.
It follows that vegetarianism and the idea of ascetic wholesomeness were being intently associated, and also frequently together with sexual abstinence. In On this ingesting involving flesh, Plutarch (1st2nd century) elaborated to the barbarism connected with blood-spilling; inverting the typical conditions involving debate, this individual enquired your meat-eater to rationalise his choice.
The Neoplatonic Porphyrius (3rd century) contacts with On Abstinence vegetarianism while using Cretan thriller cults, along with allows a census connected with earlier vegetarians, commencing using the semi-mythical Epimenides. For him, the foundation regarding vegetarianism was Demeter's gift connected with wheat that will Triptolemus making sure that this individual may possibly coach agriculture to help humanity. His about three commandments were: "Honour ones parents", "Honour the gods together with fruit", and pare the particular animals".
Athlete diets
Aelian promises the fact that earliest athlete that will publish with a proper diet had been Ikkos regarding Tarentum, a victor in the Olympic pentathlon (perhaps in 444 BC). However, Olympic struggling champion (62nd through 66th Olympiads) Milo of Croton had been previously believed to have twenty excess fat involving animal meat and twenty excess fat connected with bread in order to drink eight quarts associated with wine beverages each day. Before his time, some athletes have been said to try out xrophaga (from xros, "dry"), a diet program dependant on dried up meals for example dried figs, fresh new cheese as well as bread. Pythagoras (either the particular philosopher and also a new gymnastics get good at on the identical name) appeared to be the initial to direct sportsmen in order to feed on meat.
Trainers soon after forced several common diet rules: to become an Olympic victor, "you should take in line with regulations, stay away from desserts (); you will need to not drink cold mineral water neither is it possible have got a drink connected with wine beverage as soon as you want". It appears the following diet was chiefly according to meat, regarding Galen (ca. 180 AD) falsely accused players involving his / her daytime associated with "always gorging themselved on flesh and blood". Pausanias likewise is the word for a "meat diet".
Notes
^ ^ The expression originates inside Sir Colin Renfrew's The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in The Third Millennium BC, 1972, p.280.
^ Flacelire, p.205.
^ At the time involving Homer as well as the beginning tragedies, the idea of signified the first mealtime from the day, which was not necessarily frugal: around Iliad 24:124, Achilles's friends slaughter a sheep for breakfast.
^ some sort of b c Flacelire, p.206.
^ Alexis fgt.214 Kock = Athenaeus 47e.
^ Dalby, p.5.
^ Dalby, p.15.
^ Politics 1323a4.
^ Dalby, pp.1314.
^ a b c d Flacelire, p.209.
^ a b Sparkes, p.132.
^ Aristophanes Knights 41316; Pollux 6.93.
^ your b Flacelire, p.212.
^ Flacelire, p.213.
^ a b Flacelire, p.215.
^ Dalby, pp.9091.
^ some sort of b Migeotte, p.62.
^ Galen, On the particular properties of Food 1.10; Dalby p.91.
^ Sparkes, p.127.
^ Sparkes, p.128.
^ Flacelire, p.207.
^ Aristophanes, Frogs 858 as well as Wasps 238.
^ Dalby, p.91.
^ Peace 449.
^ Dalby, p.22.
^ Scholia in order to Homer, Iliad' 11.630.
^ See Kimberly-Hatch.
^ The Frogs 6263.
^ Dalby, p.89.
^ Dalby, p.23.
^ Dalby, p.90; Flint-Hamilton, p.75.
^ Flacelire, p.208.
^ Peace 11271129. Peace. trans. Eugene O'Neill, Jr. 1938. seen 23 May 2006.
^ Demosthenes, Against Androtion 15.
^ Peace 374.
^ Sparkes, p.123.
^ Hesiod. Works as well as Days 58893, trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White 1914. accessed 23 May 2006
^ Life of Lycurgus 12:12.
^ Apud Athenaeus 138d, trans. quotation by means of Dalby, p.126.
^ Life with Lycurgus 12:3 plus Dichaearchus fgt.72 Wehrli.
^ Various History 14:7.
^ Dalby, p.67.
^ Athenaeus, Epitome 58b.
^ Dalby, p.65.
^ Athenaeus 151b.
^ Galen, On your properties associated with food, 3.15.
^ Dalby, p.66.
^ Athenaeus 325f.
^ Athenaeus 40f41a commenting on Odyssey 17.208.
^ Athenaeus 41a commenting on Iliad 2.753.
^ Pindar, fgt.198 B4.
^ smatds, Athenaeus 42a.
^ barystathmoteros, Athenaeus 42c.
^ kouphos, Athenaeus 42c.
^ kataxros, Athenaeus 43a.
^ oxys, Theopompus fgt.229 M. I316 = Athenaeus 43b.
^ trakuteros, Athenaeus 43b.
^ oinds, Athenaeus 42c.
^ Antiphanes fgt.179 Kock = Athenaeus 43b.
^ Athenaeus 44.
^ Apud Plutarch, Life connected with Lycurgus, 9:78.
^ Athenaeus 28d.
^ First talk about inside Dioscorides, Materia Medica 5.34; Dalby, p.150.
^ Various History 12:31.
^ Athenaeus 31d.
^ E.g. Menander, Samia 394.
^ Various History, 13:6.
^ Various History, 2:38.
^ Dalby, p.889.
^ Iliad 15:638641.
^ Odyssey 10:234.
^ Homeric hymn to be able to Demeter 208.
^ Characters 4:23.
^ Peace 712.
^ Wilkins, "Introduction: section II" in Wilkins, Harvey and also Dobson, p.3.
^ Apud Athenaeus 8c.
^ For a new comparing of Persian along with Greek cuisine, discover Briant, pp.297306.
^ Herodotus 1:133.
^ Apud Athenaeus 539b.
^ Description connected with Greece 15:3,22.
^ Ctesias fgt.96 M = Athenaeus 67a.
^ Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus 12:13, trans. John Dryden. Accessed 26 May 2006.
^ Stratagems, 4:3,32.
^ Stratagems 4:82.
^ Various History 22:24.
^ Gorgias 518b.
^ Euphro Comicus fgt.11 Kock = Athenaeus 7d.
^ Suidas s.v. .
^ Dodds, pp.1545.
^ Aristophanes, Frogs 1032. Trans. Matthew Dillon, utilized only two June 2006.
^ Flint-Hamilton, pp.379380.
^ Moralia 12:68.
^ On Abstinence 4.62.
^ Various History (11:3).
^ Athenaeus 412f.
^ Athenaeus 205.
^ Diogenes Laertius 8:12.
^ Epictetus, Discourses 15:25, trans. W.E. Sweet.
^ Exhortation pertaining to Medicine 9, trans. S.G. Miller.
^ Pausanias 6:7.10.
See also
Greek cuisine
References
Briant, P. Histoire de l'Empire perse de Cyrus Alexandre. Paris: Fayard, 1996. ISBN 2-213-59667-0, translated inside English because From Cyrus to be able to Alexander: A History with the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2002 ISBN 1-57506-031-0
Dalby, A. Siren Feasts: A History with Food plus Gastronomy within Greece. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-15657-2
Dodds, E.R. "The Greek Shamans and also the Origins involving Puritanism ", The Greek along with the Irrational (Sather Classical Lectures). Berkeley: University regarding California Press, 1962 (1st edn 1959).
Flacelire R. La Vie quotidienne en Grce au temps de Pricls. Paris: Hachette, 1988 (1st edn. 1959) ISBN 2-01-005966-2, translated inside English as Daily Life within Greece with the Time regarding Pericles. London: Phoenix Press, 2002 ISBN 1-84212-507-9
Flint-Hamilton, K.B. "Legumes with Ancient Greece and also Rome: Food, Medicine, or Poison?", Hesperia, Vol.68, No.3 (Jul.ep., 1999), pp.371385.
(French) Migeotte, L., L'conomie des cits grecques. Paris: Ellipses, 2002 ISBN 2-7298-0849-3
Sparkes, B.A. "The Greek Kitchen", The Journal with Hellenic Studies, Vol.82, 1962 (1962), pp.121137.
Wilkins, J., Harvey, D. and Dobson, M. Food within Antiquity. Exeter: University with Exeter Press, 1995. ISBN 0-85989-418-5
Further reading
(French) Amouretti, M.-Cl. Le Pain et l'huile dans los angeles Grce antique. De l'araire au moulin. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1989.
(French) Delatte, A. Le Cycon, breuvage rituel des mystres d'leusis. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1955.
Detienne, M. along with Vernant, J.-P. (trans. Wissing, P.). The Cuisine involving Sacrifice Among the Greeks. Chicago: The University involving Chicago Press, 1989 (1st edn. 1979) ISBN 0-226-14353-8
External links
(French) "Vgtarisme, au commencement" (French terms article on foundation with vegetarianism)
A Taste from the Ancient World (University with Michigan)
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